course_sql

SQL 2 - Getting the right data using SELECT

This module accompanies the Introduction to SQL DataCamp tutorial. Some content can also be found in Intermediate SQL.

Outcomes

• SELECT *, field, field2 as ABC, `field b` as fieldb
  • DISTINCT
• FROM table
  • Use as t2 to create an alias
• WHERE field = value
  • Use the comparisons >, >=, <, <=, =, !=
  • Match a number, "string value", “” (empty string), or NULL
  • Use AND
  • Use OR
• ORDER BY fieldname
  • Either ASC or DESC
• Understand the role of capitalization

Videos

• YouTube: SELECT & FROM
• YouTube: Order BY
• YouTube: WHERE

Style guide

• Use UPPER CASE for keywords (SELECT, FROM, …)
• Use lower-case for field names and tables
• Optionally, add a ; (semi-colon) at the end of the statement. This is useful when you are using our DB Browser program, as you often have multiple SQL statements.

SELECT & FROM

SELECT and FROM are used in all data retrieval queries. - Example: SELECT * FROM employees

AS renames a field or table. - Example: SELECT CategoryID AS NewFieldNAme FROM employees AS NewTableName

Some fields or tables may have a space in their name. - Wrap fields with backticks. - Example: SELECT `Category Name` FROM t1 - Wrap tables with backticks - Example: SELECT * FROM `employees table` - Generally you will want to rename a field or table with AS to make it easier to use.

ORDER BY & DISTINCT

ORDER BY sorts rows returned. It defaults to ascending, but you can manually force the order by adding ASC or DESC.

• Example: SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY FirstName
• Example: SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY FirstName DESC, LastName ASC

DISTINCT includes only unique row results

• Example: SELECT DISTINCT name FROM employees

WHERE

WHERE filters the returned fields. We use the pattern left side = right side, typically having field name in sql = some value - Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id > 2

Strings are wrapped in single quotes. Avoid putting quotes around numbers. SQLite will try to convert between numbers and text automatically, but this can cause errors that are hard to debug. - Good Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'main' - Bad Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id > '2'

LIKE allows using the % wildcard in a WHERE. You can also use a NOT LIKE. These are only used when comparing text values.

• Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE 'dark %'

We can test for an empty string with ‘’ or “” (two single or double quotes side by side)

• Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE title = ''

IN allows us to search for an item in a list.

• Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)

BETWEEN can be used for two number comparisons.

• Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id BETWEEN 10 and 30

AND/OR allow us to use multiple conditions

- Example: `SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id <= 2 OR id >= 4`
- Example: `SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id <= 2 AND id >= 4`

NULL is a special value, meaning that there is no result for a field. This is different from 0 (often the default in a number field), or “” (an empty string).

When testing for NULL, you can not write field_name = NULL. Each NULL is unique. You can only test for them by writing field_name IS NULL (or IS NOT NULL).

• Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id IS NULL
• Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id IS NOT NULL

Optional Resources

There are many online resources that can help you learn SQL.

• YouTube: How to filter with WHERE

Excel.fun

Go to Excel.fun

Complete the following tutorials:

• SQL - SELECT and FROM
• SQL - ORDER BY
• SQL - WHERE

SQL Zoo

Go to SQLZoo

Complete the following tutorials:

• 0 SELECT basics (all questions)
• 1 SELECT name (questions 1-4)
• 2 SELECT from WORLD (questions 1-7)

Problems

Morgantown Docks GHCN